The 3-em dash (———) is the least common type of dash symbol in academic writing, but appears primarily in the reference list or bibliography of a document to replace an author’s name that has previously been repeated:
| Correct example | Incorrect example |
|---|---|
| Niklas, K.J. (1992) Plant biomechanics: an engineering approach to plant form and function, pp. 48–122. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. ——— (1992) Plant biomechanics: a second engineering approach to plant form and function, pp. 48–122. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. | Niklas, K.J. (1992) Plant biomechanics: an engineering
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